The President H.E. Abdirahman Mohamed Abdillahi, popularly known as Irro, presented the Presidential National ICT Innovation Award to the winners of this year’s expo who presented new ideas and innovations related to modern ICT knowledge.
The Head of State congratulated the Somaliland students from Amoud University and their teachers who won first prize in the National ICT Innovation Award.
He likewise praised the students and their teachers who won 2nd and 3rd places in the Technology Innovation Competition held at Golis and Hargeisa Universities, stating that their success is the success of the Republic of Somaliland.
The President said that this is clear evidence that “our youth are the most precious asset of the Republic of Somaliland”.
He pointed out that the future development of the Republic of Somaliland is largely dependent on the Creativity and Knowledge of the New Generation, which can play a significant role in building the Digital Economy, business innovation and social services.
The President said that his vision is for this Program to make the Republic of Somaliland become a country whose creativity is based on modern technological knowledge and ideas that enhance the services provided by the government, business and social life, where technology has currently a significant impact.
He said that his government will continue to invest and encourage the creativity of young people in modern technology, in order to create a new generation with the power and advanced knowledge to lead the country to reliable digital development.
It is worth noting that the Technology Fair, the 7th Conference and the Somaliland Technology Innovation Competition were prepared with greatly by the Ministry of Communications and Technology, in collaboration with major telecommunications companies and stakeholders in the modern technology sector.
The President was accompanied at the Awards Ceremony by the Ministers of Communications and Technology, Presidency, Energy and Mining, Deputy Minister of Communications and Technology, and the Senior Advisor to the President on Economic Affairs.
Also present at the event and delivering speeches were, renowned Professor Suleiman Ahmed Guuleed, the President of Amoud University, Professor Mahmoud Muse Jibriil, the Dean of ICT at Amoud University, members of the ICT Innovation Competition Judging Committee and other distinguished guests
In a landmark move for inclusion, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development has officially opened a barrier-free entrance, ensuring persons with limited mobility can now access its services without hindrance.
To inaugurate the new ramp and widened doorway, Director-General Mr. Mohamed Hassan Saleban personally welcomed athlete and disability rights campaigner Mr. Abdirisak Shabeel inside the building. This was the first time a wheelchair user could enter the Ministry’s main offices independently.
“This simple ramp is a powerful symbol of progress,” said DG Saleban. “It means that every citizen can now walk—or roll—into any government office to be served quickly and with dignity.”
Mr. Shabeel, who had long advocated for such changes, expressed his appreciation: “I thank the Minister, the DG, and the entire team for their decisive action. They have shown that when leadership listens, real change happens.”
The Ministry has announced an ambitious plan to replicate this model, installing similar ramps across all its regional offices within the next 90 days.
The recent decision by Somalia’s federal authorities to impose an E-Visa requirement on all flights to Somaliland represents yet another unnecessary escalation in an already strained relationship. This move does not promote peace, progress, or regional cooperation undermines them.
For years, Somaliland has stood firm as a beacon of stability, governance, and democratic values in the Horn of Africa. Despite lacking international recognition, Somaliland’s achievements in maintaining peace, conducting free elections, and fostering development have earned it growing respect from the international community.
It is no coincidence that this E-Visa decree comes at a time when Somaliland’s diplomatic outreach to the United States, Europe, and the UAE has gained new momentum. Rather than responding with engagement or constructive dialogue, Mogadishu has chosen to weaponize airspace and travel regulations, a tactic that only highlights the fragility of its institutions and its fear of Somaliland’s success story.
A Misguided and Counterproductive Decision
The imposition of E-Visas on people traveling to Somaliland by Somalia is not about security or policy modernization; it is a political reaction rooted in insecurity. This decision does nothing to improve the lives of ordinary Somalis on either side of the border. Instead, it hinders travel, trade, and family connections, hurting Somaliland diaspora businesses and ordinary citizens who depend on the free movement of goods and people.
Moreover, this action represents a clear violation of Somaliland’s sovereign right to administer and control its own airspace, a right it has exercised responsibly for decades. Until the legal separation between Somaliland and Somalia is formally and legally resolved through international mechanisms, Somalia has no legitimate authority to unilaterally impose aviation or visa restrictions on Somaliland. Such actions only deepen mistrust and further complicate efforts toward peaceful coexistence.
As President Abdirahman Mohamed Abdillahi Irro rightly stated, “Somaliland is not an enemy of Somalia nor we hate Somali people, nor does it seek conflict with its brothers.” Somaliland’s vision is one of peaceful coexistence, economic development, and deeper engagement with the global community. The future belongs not to those who build walls, but to those who build bridges.
A Call for Strategic Thinking
Rather than escalating tensions through bureaucratic obstacles, Somalia’s leadership should embrace a new strategic mindset, one grounded in regional cooperation and shared prosperity. The Horn of Africa faces immense challenges: climate change, unemployment, insecurity, and migration. These issues demand coordination, not confrontation.
Somaliland, for its part, must continue to strengthen internal cohesion, institutional development, and national unity. Our greatest asset lies in our stability and our ability to solve disputes through dialogue and democratic processes.
At the same time, I fully support the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Air Transport of Somaliland in pursuing legal and diplomatic channels to challenge this unjustified E-Visa policy. Somaliland’s response should remain principled, lawful, and rooted in international norms.
Moving Forward
Somaliland’s success has never depended on recognition from Mogadishu, it has come from the hard work, resilience, and vision of its people. Let us not be distracted by provocations or short-sighted policies. Instead, let us continue investing in education, infrastructure, technology, and governance, because that is where our true strength lies.
The world is watching. And the message Somaliland must send is clear: we seek peace, progress, and partnership not provocation.
By Engineer Ahmed Abdi Abdlahi Chairman, Waddani Party of Minnesota-USA
H..E. Prof. John Cortes stands as one of Gibraltar’s most distinguished public figures a scientist-turned-statesman whose career spans academia, ecology, and public service. Currently holding six ministerial portfolios Education, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change, Heritage, Technical Services, and Transport he embodies the rare blend of technocratic expertise and political leadership.
An Oxford-trained ecologist, Prof. Cortes has spent decades promoting biodiversity, sustainability, and civic progress in Gibraltar. Before entering politics, he directed the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens, co-founded the Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society, and became an influential voice for environmental advocacy. Since 2011, he has been at the helm of multiple ministries, helping transform Gibraltar’s education system, green infrastructure, and climate policy.
In this Exclusive Interview with The Advocate Post, Prof. Cortes speaks with Editor in Chief, Abdul Rafay Afzal about his scientific roots, Gibraltar’s educational vision, environmental diplomacy, heritage preservation, and what small states can teach the world about resilience and sustainable development.
In a wide-ranging conversation, Prof. Cortes reflects on his journey from ecology to politics, sharing how science equips governance with a foundation of evidence and ethics. He outlines Gibraltar’s remarkable educational reforms building 10 of 14 schools and ensuring university scholarships for all qualifying students. He discusses his country’s post-Brexit political landscape, the EU–Spain border agreement, and how sustainability and education shape Gibraltar’s future.
He also underscores the role of cultural heritage as a bridge between civilizations, emphasizing cooperation with regions such as Morocco and potential collaboration with Pakistan, Somaliland, Africa and beyond.Finally, he offers a message of purpose to youth worldwide: lead with knowledge, heart, and service to others.
Q1. You began your career as a scientist and ecologist before entering politics. How did this background shape your vision as Gibraltar’s Minister across such diverse sectors?
My background as a scientist profoundly shaped how I view governance. I trained in biology at Royal Holloway, University of London, and completed my doctorate at Oxford in ecology. After returning to Gibraltar, I initially worked in health administration but soon returned to my roots becoming Director of the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens, which I restored from abandonment into a recognized institution.
For decades I led environmental advocacy through the Ornithological and Natural History Society, which I co-founded in 1976. Eventually, my frustration with the government’s outdated environmental policies led me to politics. In 2011, I stood for election with the encouragement of family and friends and was elected, later taking charge of the Environment Ministry. A scientist in politics brings something unique: decisions guided by evidence, long-term vision, and responsibility to both people and planet.
Q2. As Minister for Education, how do you see education preparing young people in small states like Gibraltar to become global citizens?
Our education system follows the British model like GCSEs and A-Levels but we’ve invested heavily to adapt it to Gibraltar’s needs. Since 2011, we’ve built or completely refurbished 10 out of 14 schools, with the rest underway.
We emphasize project-based learning, inclusivity, and special-needs education. Every Gibraltarian who secures a university place, typically in the UK, receives full government sponsorship tuition and living expenses. This ensures equality of opportunity and brings back skilled professionals. We’re now expanding vocational training because not all talent is academic. Our investment in education is the foundation of Gibraltar’s progress.
Q3. As Gibraltar’s Minister for Education, how do you view the potential for cooperation with countries like Pakistan in areas such as curriculum development, teacher training, scholarships and student or academic exchange?
I would absolutely welcome such collaboration. Education is universal, and the sharing of ideas strengthens both sides.
From that perspective, cooperation with Pakistan especially in areas such as teacher training, student exchanges, scholarships and education technology would be very welcome. We already have agreements with Morocco and the University of Tétouan for language and academic exchange, and we would gladly explore similar links with Pakistan and others too. Education diplomacy is a bridge between nations, and Gibraltar is open to it.
Q4. Gibraltar’s recent EU–Spain border talks have drawn international attention. How do you see Gibraltar’s political and economic landscape evolving under this new agreement?
The outlook is better than it’s been in decades. Gibraltar overwhelmingly voted about 96% to remain in the EU. Though the UK’s decision to leave affected us, the June political agreement between the EU and the UK over the Spain–Gibraltar border offers stability.
Around 10,000–15,000 Spanish residents work in Gibraltar daily; this arrangement safeguards their livelihoods and boosts investor confidence.
For my ministries particularly Transport and Technical Services this means preparing for smoother border flow, managing traffic, and improving public transport. It’s a moment of cautious optimism.
Q5. Gibraltar is rich in both natural and cultural heritage. How do you balance modernization with heritage preservation, and do you view heritage as a diplomatic tool?
Yes, heritage is both identity and diplomacy. Gibraltar’s name itself derives from Jabal-al-Tariq, the “Mountain of Tariq,” linking our history to the Islamic era and the Iberian Peninsula’s shared past.
We’ve passed strong heritage protection laws, designating over one-third of Gibraltar’s land and waters as nature reserves. We also protect historic buildings through heritage licensing.
Our projects include restoring the World Heritage Site atGorham’s Cave, the Moorish Castle from the 8th century, and the WWII tunnels. Recently, we installed 70 interpretive panels across the territory to connect citizens and tourists with our past.
We are proud of our multi-layered heritage Roman, Moorish, British and welcome international cooperation to preserve and celebrate it.
Q6. Turning to the Horn of Africa, Somalia continues to face instability, while Somaliland has maintained relative peace and democratic governance. As several European countries such as Denmark and France have already engaged Somaliland in education and environmental sectors, do you believe Gibraltar could also engage Somaliland through non-diplomatic cooperation for example, in education, environment, climate adaptation, or heritage projects?
That’s an excellent question. While formal foreign relations constitutionally rest with the United Kingdom, Gibraltar is very open to non-diplomatic and technical cooperation.
We already collaborate through NGOs and civic partnerships for instance, with Morocco and Senegal and we mobilized aid when Morocco faced the recent earthquake. So yes, if Somaliland or any region in the Horn of Africa approached us with constructive proposals, we would certainly be willing to explore joint work on environmental management, heritage preservation, sustainability, or educational initiatives and more.
We may be a small territory, but a big heart, even small states can often serve as role models. Gibraltar’s strength lies in practical, science-based governance and community engagement. These values are universal they can be shared anywhere cooperation is built on mutual respect and benefit and we would contribute and assist however we can.
Q7. From Asia to Africa, countries face climate crises floods, desertification, deforestation. What lessons from Gibraltar’s environmental management can larger nations learn?
The key is determination. If there’s a will, there’s a way. You can pursue strong climate policies without sacrificing growth. Gibraltar’s climate legislation is robust, and though our emissions are tiny globally, we act as a model of what’s achievable.
Our message is: be committed, understand your data, respect your ecosystems, and engage people. Progress is possible when policy is guided by both science and empathy.
Q8. Gibraltar’s terrain presents unique challenges in transport and infrastructure. How are you advancing sustainable transport innovations?
Our small size is both a challenge and an opportunity. We’ve transitioned from diesel to natural gas generation cleaner, though still interim and are expanding solar power. Land scarcity limits large installations, but we explore innovative solutions, like undersea energy links with Morocco for renewable supply.
We’re improving public transport and park-and-ride systems to manage traffic flows. Sustainability requires creativityespecially in compact territories like ours.
Q9. You hold multiple portfolios education, environment, climate change, heritage, transport. How do you personally manage this vast range of responsibilities?
I simply get on with it! (laughs) I’m fortunate to have excellent teams. My scientific background means I grasp technical matters quickly, saving time. My years in academia help me bridge education and policy.
Above all, I work long hours with strong conviction not for personal gain but for public service. I believe in what I do, and that keeps me going.
Q10. Finally, what legacy do you hope to leave, as a scientist and policymaker for Gibraltar and the world?
I’ve tried to make Gibraltar fairer, greener, and more compassionate. As Health Minister, I built new medical centers, mental-health and dementia facilities, and introduced cancer treatment locally. As Environment Minister, I’ve turned car parks into green parks.
In education, we’ve built the schools of the future.
My message to young people everywhere is simple: have a big heart. Think with your head but act with your heart. Don’t enter public service for yourself; do it for others. Remember, people don’t work for you work for them. That’s the essence of leadership.
By Abdul Rafay Afzal (Editor in Chief – The Advocate Post)
HARGEISA, Somaliland – In a move aimed at alleviating costs for citizens and businesses, the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MoEM) of the Republic of Somaliland has announced a major reduction in the national electricity tariff, effective December 1, 2025.
The new directive, issued by Energy Minister Eng. Axmed Jaamae Barre, sets the price of electricity at 0.59 USD cents per unit, a substantial decrease from the previous rate. The reduction is part of the government’s broader strategy to ensure access to stable and affordable power.
The decision follows a comprehensive review of previous pricing directives and consultations with the Energy Commission of Somaliland. It directly implements a presidential mandate to lower living costs and support economic activity.
“The Ministry of Energy and Minerals is intensely committed to ensuring the nation has access to stable, affordable, and reliable electricity,” the ministry stated in its official release. The new tariff reflects the government’s efforts to manage the impact of global fuel price fluctuations on consumers.
The price cut also aligns with a recent committee decision to establish a bulk fuel procurement system for utility companies, which is expected to create greater efficiency and cost savings.
Key Details of the Announcement:
· New Tariff: 0.59 USD cents per unit.
· Effective Date: December 1, 2025.
· Scope: Applies nationwide, with the exception of the city of Berbera, which will maintain a separate tariff structure.
This policy is seen as a critical step towards boosting household disposable income and enhancing the competitiveness of Somaliland’s industrial and manufacturing sectors.
Somaliland’s Main Opposition Leader Calls on UK, USA, and IC to End Futile Engagement and Embrace Interest-Based Recognition.
In a high-level diplomatic push, Mohamoud Hashi Abdi, Chairman of Somaliland’s largest opposition party KAAH, urged Britain, the United States, and the international community to abandon decades of “futile, ideology-driven engagement” and adopt a pragmatic, interest-based pathway to Somaliland’s recognition.
Speaking after a “fruitful and candid” Tuesday-morning meeting with Rt Hon Kim Johnson MP, co-chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Somaliland, Mr Hashi delivered a five-point roadmap that resonated strongly in Westminster corridors.
Key Highlights from the Closed-Door Talks
The Cost of Isolation
“Thirty-four years of international limbo have starved Somaliland of investment, stalled infrastructure, and left our youth vulnerable to migration and extremism,” Mr Hashi said. “This status quo is not neutral—it actively undermines Horn of Africa stability.”
A Kosovo-Style ICJ Shortcut
The KAAH leader renewed calls for an International Court of Justice advisory opinion, stressing that Somaliland never legally united with Somalia in 1960. “The 2005 African Union fact-finding mission already confirmed our unique case. It’s time global jurists, not politicians, settle the matter.”
African Union “No Longer Fit for Purpose”
Mr Hashi argued the AU has failed to implement its own 2005 Ezulwini recommendations. “Continental bodies are paralysed by Somalia’s veto. Recognition must now come from capitals that value results over rhetoric.”
Post-Brexit Britain Must Lead
Challenging the UK to shed the “One Somalia” straitjacket imposed by the 1994 US State Department and reinforced by Hillary Clinton, he declared:
“Brexit promised an independent foreign policy. Recognising Somaliland would be its first strategic dividend in the Red Sea lane.”
Great-Power Race at Berbera’s Doorstep
Warning of expanding Chinese, Russian, and Gulf footprints along the Gulf of Aden, Mr Hashi cautioned:
“Somaliland remains proudly Western-leaning, but a weakening global order leaves us no eternal luxury of patience. Mutual interests—counter-piracy, counter-terrorism, critical-mineral supply chains—demand reciprocity today.”
A Warm Nod to a Long-Standing Friend
Mr Hashi placed Ms Johnson “among the historic ranks of Somaliland’s greatest champions—alongside Archibald Hamilton and Ethel Crowther”. He thanked her for consistent, principled advocacy and invited her to lead a cross-party parliamentary delegation to Hargeisa in 2026.
“Somaliland is not begging for charity—we are offering partnership.
Recognise us not because we are perfect, but because we are profitable—for your security, your supply chains, and your conscience.”— Mohamoud Hashi Abdi, KAAH Party Chairman
The meeting signals a new, assertive phase in Somaliland’s diplomacy: less pleading, more deal-making. With a stable democracy, a booming port, and zero tolerance for Al-Shabaab, the Somaliland republic is pitching itself as the Horn’s most reliable anchor.
HARGEISA – The Central Bank of Somaliland has concluded a landmark two-day workshop, equipping dozens of public finance officials with advanced tools to measure and manage the national economy. The training, fully funded by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), marks the first phase of a ambitious year-long program to strengthen economic self-reliance.
Central Bank Director General, Mr. Yasiin Jama Ahmed, characterized the workshop as “the first brick in a year-long bridge to economic self-reliance” during the closing ceremony.
A “Train-the-Trainer” Model for Sustainable Growth
The workshop employed a “train-the-trainer” model to maximize its impact. Sessions were led by five “master trainers” who themselves completed an intensive course in Nairobi, Kenya, last month. This approach is designed to create a cascade of expertise throughout Somaliland’s public finance institutions.
“Knowledge must flow, not freeze,” stated Director General Yasiin. “These officers will now coach colleagues in critical areas such as taxation, exchange-rate modelling, inflation forecasting, and purchasing-power analysis.”
Building a Unified Economic Dashboard
The initiative launches a comprehensive 12-month national programme. A key objective is the implementation of a standardized economic monitoring system. By November 2026, all major public finance ministries and agencies are expected to produce quarterly economic dashboards using uniform indicators. This will provide Somaliland with a unified, coherent view of its economy for the first time.
A Sustained Commitment to Development
Emphasizing that this is only the beginning, the Director General declared, “This is the opening chapter, not the epilogue.” The UNDP has pledged continued financial support for follow-up activities, including technical missions, peer reviews, and the development of digital scorecards.
The Central Bank has already scheduled the next wave of training for January 2026, with field visits to customs posts and regional tax offices planned to ground the theoretical training in practical, on-the-ground experience.
Hargeisa, Somaliland – The Governor of the Central Bank of the Republic of Somaliland, Mr. Abdinasir Ahmed Hirsi, today inaugurated a high-level awareness meeting on the nation’s Anti-Money Laundering (AML) framework and the associated financial crimes.
The meeting, organized by the Central Bank’s Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), brought together key stakeholders including the Deputy Minister of Finance, the Vice Governor of the Central Bank, the Attorney General, and the Deputy Commander of the Immigration and Naturalization Department.
Participants received a comprehensive briefing on the new system for detecting and controlling money laundering. The discussions highlighted the critical role of this framework in safeguarding Somaliland’s financial stability and combating illicit financial flows.
Officials emphasized the system’s importance for protecting the integrity of the national financial system and enhancing fiscal transparency.
In his concluding remarks, Governor Hirsi reaffirmed the Central Bank’s commitment to continuing its public awareness programs focused on preventing money laundering and further strengthening the country’s financial infrastructure.
As we all know, the countries of Sudan and South Sudan have long been afflicted by war and endless conflict — tragedies that have claimed the lives of thousands and displaced countless others. Despite these hardships, many young people from these regions are currently studying in Uganda through various scholarship programs.
In this piece, I would like to share the inspiring stories of some of these young people whom I’ve met — some of whom study with me and received the same scholarship that brought me to Uganda.
War Cannot Stop a Dream: South Sudanese and Sudanese Youth Studying in Uganda Show Courage and Resilience
Although their home countries are struggling with conflict and economic challenges, the youth from South Sudan and Sudan pursuing education in Uganda have become remarkable examples of courage and determination. Every day, they wake up chasing big dreams — dreams that cannot be measured by the difficulties they come from, but by their deep desire for a better future and lasting peace.
These students are enrolled in universities, secondary schools, and vocational programs that prepare them with practical skills and knowledge. They carry a strong hope that one day, when peace returns to their homeland, they will take their education back home to contribute to rebuilding their nations and uplifting their communities.
One student expressed this beautifully:
“Education is my weapon. Neither war nor the suffering in my country will stop me from achieving my dream.”
Her words were filled with emotion and pain as she added:
“I have come from Darfur since my childhood. The conflict was there. For instance, just a few days ago, my cousin who had applied for this same scholarship with me but didn’t get selected was held ransom and we were forced to pay two million of Sudan’s currency, which is like two thousand US dollars. We didn’t have any choice but to pay the money to save his life.
Among their peers, these students are often jokingly referred to as “scholarship hunters” — a term that reflects their relentless pursuit of educational opportunities offered by international organizations and wealthy countries such as those in the Commonwealth.
Uganda, known for hosting the largest number of refugees in Africa, has become a peaceful haven where these young people can study, dream, and rebuild their confidence. Despite facing many challenges — harsh living conditions in refugee settlements, financial struggles, and constant worry for families still trapped in conflict — they have not given up. This, truly, is the definition of real bravery.
These young men and women are a living reminder that dreams and ambition should never be bound by hardship. Their knowledge and perseverance shine as a light of hope, proving that Africa can raise a generation that refuses to give up, even when surrounded by darkness.
Anyone who witnesses their struggle learns that education is not merely about books and pens — it is a path to breaking the chains of poverty and conflict. It is a message to other young people across Africa.
Support from Windle Trust International and windle international Uganda:
Organizations such as Windle Trust International and Windle International Uganda play a vital role in supporting the education of students from Sudan and South Sudan. They provide fully funded scholarships, covering tuition fees, accommodation, daily meals, and transportation. Through their commitment, these organizations have opened doors of opportunity for hundreds of young people who might otherwise have lost hope due to the challenges in their home countries.
Furthermore, Windle International Uganda makes every effort to ensure students have everything they need to succeed. The organization has established a well-equipped study and resource center, where students can relax, study, and access all necessary learning materials. They have access to textbooks and other academic resources, and each student can use a computer while at the center. In addition, the organization offers English language training for students who may find the language challenging, helping them improve their communication and academic performance.
In addition windle trust international Uganda supports these students; training, safeguarding and mentoring them including myself.
Scholar awardee, windle stuff and Bugema university lecturer.
In the photo, I am joined by fellow scholarship recipients during a training session organized by Windle International Uganda. Apart from myself and Abbas, who are from Somaliland the rest are from Sudan and South Sudan, along with three officials from the Windle trust international Uganda organization.
In conclusion, may God make the dreams of these youth come true and bring peace to their nations once again.
Do not give up. Do not abandon your dreams — for the future belongs to those who are not afraid of today’s challenges.
Author: Abdisalaan Gullied, Jemes Ayam scholarship awardee and students coordinator.
Authorization Requirement Directive for Overflight and Use of Somaliland Airspace
The Ministry of Civil Aviation and Airports Development (MOCAAD) of the Republic of Somaliland announces a new directive requiring all civil aircraft—including scheduled, non-scheduled, commercial, and general aviation—to obtain prior authorization (an Overflight Permit) before entering, transiting, or operating within Somaliland airspace.
Effective November 10, 2025, this directive is issued in accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention of 1944) and reaffirms the Republic of Somaliland’s complete jurisdiction and exclusive sovereignty over its land, maritime territories, and airspace.
This measure aims to:
· Ensure safe, secure, and orderly air navigation in accordance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards and recommended practices.
· Strengthen air traffic management, meteorological, and aeronautical information services.
· Enhance emergency response, technical landing support, and Search and Rescue (SAR) operations at Hargeisa Egal International Airport (HGA) and Berbera International Airport (BBO).
Unauthorized overflight without prior approval constitutes a violation of national sovereignty and may result in enforcement actions under applicable national and international aviation laws.
MOCAAD reaffirms its commitment to maintaining safe, efficient, and cooperative international air navigation and appreciates the continued collaboration of all airlines, operators, and partner states in ensuring compliance with this directive.
